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历年高考英语定语从句
历年高考英语定语从句篇一
1.了解定语从句的由来
2.熟悉可以指代sb.的关系代词
3.实际操练指代sb.的关系代词
1.定语从句的由来
何为定语? 是修饰n./pron.的部分
以句子的形式修饰名词或代词
蓝蓝的天空,清澈的湖水 定语:“蓝蓝的”“清澈的”(形容词)
For instance:alittleboy
the teacherin the classroom(定语后置)
asmilinggirl
The girlwho is smilingis our class teacher.
=The girl is our class teacher.+She is smiling.
修饰的作用,修饰的对象
warm up
The boy is my brother. He is playing computer games.(who)
The boy who is playing computer games is my brother.
She is my grandmother.I should take care of her.(that)
She is my grandmother who/whom/that I should take care of.
2.定语从句的结构
This is thefactorythatI want to visit.
先行词+关系词+从句
3.关系词的分类及应用
关系代词:which that who whom whose
关系副词:when where why
more practice
A doctor is a person. He looks after people’s health.
A doctor is a person who/that looks after people’s health.
Mr. White invited many friends to his party,He respected them much.
Mr. White invited many friends to his party who/whom/that he respected them much.
Nancy is the right person.You can depend on her.
Nancy is the right person on whom you can depend.
The girl is our monitor. Her father is a model worker.
The girl whose father is a model worker is our monitor.
conclusion
指代sb.的关系代词:who/whom/that/whose
(1)A doctor is a person who/that looks after people’s health.
(2)Mr.White invited many friends to his party who/whom/that he respected them much.
(3)Nancy is the right person on whom you can depend.
有没有发现相同之处?
先行词:sb.
(4)表示所有格的whose
1.表示人的所有:The girl whose father is a model worker is our monitor.
2.表示物的所有:I like the room whose window looks out over the sea.
summery
关系代词 关系词 先行词 在从句中成分
that sb./sth. 主/宾/表
who sb. 主/宾
whom sb. 宾
whose sb./sth. 定(表从属)
Exercise
Most people have never heard of Tim Berners-Lee.He is not nearly as rich or famous Marc Andreesen,who was cofounder of Netscape,or Bill Gates,whose name has become a household word.Berners-Lee,who works in a small office at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,is the creator of the World Wide Web.The creation of the Web is so important that some people compare Berners-Lee to Johann Gutenberg,who invented printing by moveable type in the fifteenth century.Berners-Lee was born in England in 1955.His parents,who helped design the world’s first commercially available computer,gave him a great love of mathematics and learning,
连词成句
is thisthe girlis whose pronunciationthe bestin our class.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
This is the girl whose pronunciation is the best in our class.
whotalked withyouthe manmy friendis
123 45 6
The man who you talked with is my friend.
The man who/that is very cool is my favorite singer ,Jay Chou.
The football star whose skills are excellent is Messi.
直击高考
(2012年天津)I wish to thank Professor Smith,without___B____help I would never have got this far.
A.who B.whose C.whom D.which
解析:本题主句中的Professor Smith为先行词,而从句中的help与其明显为从属关系,因此用whose
(2007北京)Women___C____drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those_____don’t.
A.who; / B./; who C.who;who D./ ; /
B.解析:本句中有两个空格,但由于本身是一个比较状语从句,因此两个考点相同,从句部分缺少了主语,而先行词分别是women/those,都指代sb.因此两个都可用who
(2013湖南)Happiness and success often come to those___B___are good at recognizing their own strengths.
A.whom B.who C.what D.which
解析:从句部分缺少主语,先行词为those,这里指代的是那些人,因此用who
历年高考英语定语从句篇二
【读者按】定语从句就是在考句子成分,而关系代词与关系副词的区分就是为了划定句子成分。这也就是为什么要熟背出所有的关系代词和关系副词的道理。关系代词对人有who,whom,对物有which,都可以的是that,说谁的是whose,还有一个特殊的as.关系副词只有三个,时间地点和原因,when,where和why.
正由于关系代词和关系副词在句子中所做成分截然不容,其中关系代词作的是主语,宾语(表语也算,和宾语位置相同),还有whose作的是定语,而关系副词永远做的是状语。所以大多数情况下(whose表示物主一会儿另说)当横线后定语从句不缺少主语或者宾语的情况下,就必然不会填关系代词中的任何一个,这会儿往往就已经筛掉了2个选项了。剩下三个关系副词具体是谁,就看先行词就行了。
到这里,还要多说一点,关系副词是可以由“介词+which”替换的,比如in the morning的定语从句改写就既可以改写为when也可以改写为in which,但是关系副词why的替换是固定的,由于先行词基本就是reason,所以why只能替换为for which。
下边来说一下特殊情况,只能用that的几种情况,挨个背一下吧。不定代词,all,only,very,序数词,最高级,又有人又有物。
然后是as这个特殊的词,引导非限制性定语从句的时候,as可以放在句首,而which不可以。之后就是such as 和such that的问题了。such as本身当“比如”讲,但是such 和as之间也是可以放词的,就成了such A as B,这时意思就成了“像B这样的A”,就成了定语了,也就是as是关系代词了,这代表什么信息呢?很重要,由于关系代词as是必须要在定语从句中作主语或宾语的,因此as后边引导的句子必然缺少这两个成分的其中一个,才能填as.说这么多是为什么呢?因为such有两个词组,分别是such … as… 和such… that…,考试最常考的也是它们俩。区别很简单,such that表示“如此以至于”,引导的是结果状语从句,而such… as… 引导的是定语从句。
下边我用一个实际的句子来诠释。
He is such a good boy ______ everybody likes.
He is such a good boy ______ everybody likes him.
两个句子唯一的区别就在于第2句多了个him,因此第2句主谓宾全齐了,不需要再填关系代词了,所以就只能用that引导,表示结果状语从句。而第1句恰好相反,缺少了宾语,必须用as来作宾语。这个问题到此说清。
接下来说whose作定语的问题,表示所属关系不见得是人的,“物的”也是可以的,比如房子的窗户在定语从句中有三个说法,the house whose window = the window of which = of which the window.这个就叫做所属关系,因此所属关系除了whose以外就有两个,对人是of whom,对物是of which。到这儿,就又出现了另一个常见考点,就是of which/whom 和of them的区别是什么呢?也很简单,of which/whom是定语从句,也就是不能单独成句的句子,而of them是可以单独成句的句子,不是定语从句,举例如下:He had many friends, many of whom are foreigners. 是定语从句。He had many friends, and many of them are foreigners. 就是并列句了,由and引导的句子叫并列句。
最后是关系代词的省略问题,关系代词作宾语或表语是可以省略的,作主语是不能省略的,因为主语后直接是动词,省略的话就出现先行词直接接从句动词的语法错误。举例:Is there anything that you want to say? 中的that就可以省略。而He is the headmaster of this school who also teaches Chemistry. 中的who就当然不能省略。
好了,说了这么多,基本上把定语从句的脉络理清,接下来用几个常见考题来巩固一下。
(2011全国卷I) 31. The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.
A. that B. whichC. whose D. what
解析:【C】whose作定语,表示“谁的”.
(2011全国卷II)7. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ____ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this B. that C. what D. which
解析:【D】非限制性定语从句,先行词为前边整句话,后边直接接的是动词is,所以用which作主语。
(2011北京卷)26. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _________, of course, make all the others upset.
A. whoB. whichC. whatD. that
解析:【B】同上一题。
(2011上海卷) 39. You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.
A. whichB. whereC. whenD. as
解析:【A】hire是“雇佣”的意思,这里就是租车了,所以You can hire 是主语谓语,to reach your host family 是目的状语,这个句子缺少宾语,即租的“车”,所以缺宾语用代词,which.
(2011山东卷)32.The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.
A. they B. where C. what D. that
解析:【D】横线后直接接动词are,要用关系代词作主语,只有that了。
(2011江西卷)34. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____had taken more than three years.
A. for whichB. with whichC. of whichD. to which
解析:【C】这就是所属关系,the construction of the museum = whose construction = of which the construction
(2011江苏卷)24. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
解析:【A】 the audience 为主语,can buy为谓语,ice-cream为宾语,所以从句完整,不能用关系代词。所以要用关系副词,先行词是interval,表示“间隔”,是时间,所以用when.
(2011湖南卷)25.Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of _________ she spoke fluently.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
解析:【C】同样是所属关系,对物所属,所以用of which.
冲刺:跳出单选陷阱题
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试频道
2016年高考备考:高三首次英语期中考力求突破
对于高三同学来说,即将到来的英语期中考试是一次非常重要的练兵机会,不仅可以检验半个学期来基本知识和技能的掌握,还有助于审视自己的学习方法,进一步发掘需要提高和改进之处。那么,应如何备考?考试过程中应注意哪些答题技巧?考后应如何巩固?
积极备考
期中考试是综合性考试,题型大体接近高考。因此,备考过程中要充分了解自己,哪些题型是自己的弱项,从而及时进行补缺。就题型而言,听力会占整张考卷的五分之一,完型填空、阅读理解约占三分之一,6句中译英几乎必不可少。此外,写作可能也要考察。可以看出,听力、阅读和写话占据了整张试卷的大半。因此,如果把大量时间投入到语法训练中,备考则会偏离轨道。相反,必要的听能训练、大量的阅读训练和适量的写话训练才是备考的重点。
就听力而言,最好找一些难度略低于高考的练习进行针对的训练,如能坚持每两天听一套则更佳。阅读训练中要注意阅读的速度和效率,要为自己规定好时间。阅读时要有“痕迹”,即随手圈划出重点词汇和句子,以及题目的答案所在。阅读中要逼迫自己去猜测词义,去理解长句,去把握通篇文章的意思,去了解作者的写作意图和所持观点。总之,在阅读训练中,对自己要求要高,不能拘泥于只做选择题。
对新授课文的复习要把握重点词汇和结构,这可能对中译英有帮助。另外,尽量把高二以来(包括高二)所有中译英进行温习,一方面对旧知识进行了复习,另一方面有助于了解自己写句时最容易犯的错误,如主谓一致、漏译、标点遗漏、单词拼写等,以提醒自己在期中考试中注意回避。至于写作,建议多读些范文,了解高考作文的基本框架和要求。写作的功夫在平常,不能一蹴而就。但由于考试时没有条件打草稿,考前有必要进行一些思维训练。要有目的地积累一些词组、句型,以便在写作中加以运用。
当然,必要的语法复习也是不容忽视的。语法复习要注重语法的基本概念和基本范畴,要注意自己平时易错的语法点,也要进行必要的练习。
科学答题
答题的过程也是一个合理分配时间的过程。一般而言,答题应按照试题的顺序进行,不可进行跳跃。有些学生可能已经养成了先做翻译或写作的习惯,然后再回头做语法词汇,这个习惯要在此次考试中予以纠正。在答题过程中,有经验的学生往往以7.5分钟为时间单位,即语法题7.5分钟,词汇题7.5分钟,阅读理解平均7.5分钟完成一篇,中译英一个半7.5分钟,写作约3个7.5分钟。同学们不妨在训练中进行尝试。
英语考试以听力开始,因此,进入“状态”要越早越好。听小对话时,如果上一个对话没有听清楚,千万不要再去回忆,否则会影响听后面的内容。听力的语篇读两遍,如果第一遍听完发现没有听懂,千万不要着急,要立即调整好心态,努力去听第二遍。
在答题过程中,不可随意 “跳题”,即较难的题目先不作解答而继续往下做,这有可能会导致填涂答题卡时出现不必要的错误。不要指望完成整张试卷后再来进行全卷检查,尽量做到完成一大题后及时进行检查。如果时间充裕,应着重检查:1)听力的填词部分,特别注意大小写和语法;2)阅读理解(每小题分值为2分),特别是自己把握不大的题目;3)中译英,特别是大小写、有无漏译、主谓一致、动词形式,等。
及时反思
考完试,成绩揭晓,要听好老师的试卷讲评课,要弄懂每一道题目。同时,要及时进行反思,看自己在哪些方面有了进步,哪些方面尚存在较多问题。反思过程中要得出结论,了解哪些问题属于知识掌握得不够,哪些问题和习惯有关,哪些问题涉及答题技巧。这样,考试真正成为一次练兵的机会,一次自我诊断的机会。要利用这样的机会制定下一步学习和复习的计划,真正做到知己知彼,有的放矢。
考试后还要及时做好错题的整理和归类,要整理考卷中重要的语言点,摘录值得诵读的句子和结构。如有作文,还可以进行重写,并听取老师的意见。
衷心希望同学们在期中考试中发挥出水平,打好高三第一仗,并让期中考试成为一个新的起点!
2016年高考英语第一轮复习:word短语归纳
高三英语第一轮复习主要进行的是单词的积累和语法的全面掌握,在上课课文学习和课后阅读练习中不断巩固抓牢,为后面的做题演练大幅度提分打基础。高考频道整理高考英语常考词汇用法及高考英语语法,帮助大家分小节记忆。
word 短语归纳
①would like a word with sb.想和某人说句话;
have a word with sb.与某人说句话;
get in a word /get a word in 插话;
in a (one)word总之, 一句话。
②keep one’s word信守诺言,break one’s word失信;translate sth. word for word 逐字翻译;have/get word(that)…有消息说,获得消息,听说;Word has come/came that…传来消息说……;
③have a few words with sb.和某人说几句话;have words(with sb.)争吵,争论;in words 用言语;with words口头上,in other words/in another word换句话说;match words with deeds言行一致;waster one’s words白费口舌;the last words临终遗言;sharp words苛刻的话;soft words甜言蜜语
④[应用]完成句子
①传来消息说中国女子足球队获亚军。
_______ ________ _______the Chinese Women Football Team had won
second place.
②我听说他们昨晚相互争吵起来。
I________ _________ that they_________ _________with each other last night.
如何提高英语学习效率
许多者都有一个同感:当达到一定程度后,要再上一个层次似乎变得非常困难,常有一种事倍功半的感觉,而且,不同水平的人要“更上” 不同的“一层楼”时,都会遇到这个具有共性的问题。究其原因,没有足够的阅读量是根本性的制约因素,因为阅读量不够,至少会造成如下几方面的弊端,从而造成“原地踏步”的境况:
缺乏语感
语感就是对语言的一种直觉。一个人讲话像不像英语或一篇文章写得像不像英文,我们能直接觉察到,这就是语感。语感不是天生的,是在学习中逐步培养并加强的,阅读材料上如果没有一定量的积累,就难以建立起语感,而没有语感,读起文章来就很费劲,尽管每个都明白,每个单词都认识,但仍然不能从整体上欣赏、把握一篇文章。
缺乏文化背景
语言是文化的一部分,具有极深的文化底蕴。没有语言文化背景,英语学习者就不能真正完全读懂外国文献(尤其是社会科学类)、顺畅地与外国朋友交流,就是因为不了解英语的习俗文化、文化及文化,存在着词汇、修饰、习用语等方面的阻碍。而文化背景的获取,最理想、最地道的还是通过大量阅读各种文章 (著作),通过天长日久的积累,从而消除文化上的隔膜。
不适应语言风格
每一种语言都有其独特的风格,例如英语中大量地运用被动句,而汉语则习惯用主动形式来表达,如果一个学习者只从理论层面上认识到这一点而没有大量的阅读实践,那么他在阅读过程中就不适应于这种风格,总试图首先用母语思维方式对内容进行“转换”,这样的读书显然是不高的,讲出来的英语也是母语式的。
通过大量的阅读,就可以克服以上几方面的障碍,这时,学习者就会发现英语其实就像母语一样可亲可近,并不是想像的那样高不可攀,在不自觉之时,水平已提高了一个层次。那么,具体怎样阅读,读什么呢?
1、精泛并举,范围要广。对于比较精彩的文章,要仔细咀嚼,不但要借助于词典等工具,对其中的主要词语、句型、语法进行透彻地分析,还要细细揣摸文章的组织结构及它的言外之意和弦外之音。这也就要求精读选择的分量不要大,重在“精”。所谓“泛”,就是大面积地阅读,在能理解文章内容的前提下 高中地理,进行广泛涉猎,不必求甚解,只求扩大眼界:社会科学、历史、、艺术、风土人情、科学技术等都可作为阅读范围。这样,既培养了语感,又增加了文化背景,达到扎扎实实提高英语水平的目的。
2、尽可能地读原著文章(著作)。开始直接读原著,会有较大难度,可以首先阅读几本简写的小说或故事、英美文学名著,这类简读本因保持原作的风格,文字也多出处在原文,可以增加感性认识,培养并增强语感,再逐渐过渡到读原著,因为原著才是真正的“英语”,通过阅读它,才进入了地道的英语世界,对语汇、语法、句型及文化背景等的理解和掌握才有了生机。反观目前国内市面上的一些“阅读训练”材料,更多是汉译英的文字,一则内容熟悉,二则译文受汉语影响,不利于真正提高阅读理解。
3、要持之以恒。英语作为一种语言,从掌握到熟练运用需要一个过程,就像一个人不可能通过三五天的好吃猛吃,就长得膀大腰圆一样,对英语的学习也贵在坚持。有人算过,阅读水平中等的人,读一般的书,每天读15分钟,一年就可以读到20本书。每个人应该根据自己的情况,每天安排一定的时间(如30分钟)来阅读。只有通过“细水长流”,才能在英语的学习中取得质的飞跃。当有一天你读国外名著就像读《西游记》一样轻松时,那不是你用某个“技巧”取得的,而是你 “滴水穿石”的结果,此时,制约英语水平提高的“瓶颈”才算真正打破。
高二英语作文:Christmas Is Coming
I like Christmas, it is just like our Spring Festival.
Maybe the Spring Festival is much more important and interesting than Christmas, but I like Christmas Day better. Because we can spend time with our friends and classmates during Christmas. When it is snowy, Christmas becomes much more lovely, just like in fairytales. I can imagine I am in a fairytale, the girl who sold the matches is my friend, the ugly duck becoming more and more beautiful and so on. What a beautiful place! So we can also call Christmas "Snowy Lovely Day."
On Christmas Day,高中地理, shops are red and green. There are so many Christmas cards, Christmas hats, Christmas dolls and many colourful things. So shops look very beautiful. We can give a card or a doll to our friends and say "Merry Christmas."By the way, I think studying can also become much more interesting.
Christmas is coming, it also means a new year will come. Let's study harder to welcome the new year!
above与over的用法区别
高考临近,小编为大家准备了些高考词汇的辨别,希望大家能从中获益!
区别一:两者都可表示“高于”,over 主要表示垂直在上的正上方,而 above 则不一定表示正上方(即可以是正上方也可以不是正上方)。如:
They built a new room above [over] the garage. 他们在车房上加盖了一个新房间。
Can you see the helicopter above [over] the building? 你能看到那架正在建筑物上方飞的直升飞机吗?
He stayed at the hotel above the lake. 他住在可以俯瞰湖泊的旅馆里。
换句话说,表示正上方,两者均可用;不表示正上方,则通常要用 above。
区别二:两者均可表示数目、数量等的“多于”、“超过”、“……以上”。如:
Over [Above] 200 people were there. 有 200 多人在那儿。
There’s nothing in the shop above [over] 50 cents. 这个店里没有一样东西价钱超过五角。
注:但在现代英语中,above 的这种用法已不多见,通常用 over 代之。在现代英语中,above 表示“多于”时,主要用于表示温度、高度以及有纵向标准可比的情况。如:
It is 2 000 ft above sea level. 它海拔 2 000 英尺。
The temperature is two degrees above zero. 温度是零上2度。
区别三:若含有动态或覆盖的意味,通常用 over,而不用 above。如:
He flew over to France. 他飞到了法国。
Come over and see us later. 以后来看我们。
Cover her over with a sheet. 用床单把她盖起来。
Knife crime in London
Research by Scotland Yard published in a London newspaper, has proved that knife crime in London is a serious non ? white phenomenon, with 165 of the 225 under- 18s accused of knife crime in the past three months being from the black or other non ? white groups.
According to Scotland Yard, only 60 of the 225 crimes were white.Despite being a small minority of the knife holding criminals, whites did, however, make up the single largest group of victims of knife crime.
According to the Scotland Yard report, whites made up 222 of the 637 victims of knife crime over the last three months.This number could probably be higher, as 292 victims were not identified by race.
This month Scotland Yard Deputy Commissioner Sir Paul Stephenson suggested knife crime has replaced drug selling as the top concern for London police.
Sir Paul said so as he announced a specialist knife crime unit to deal with teenagers carrying knives in the capital.It will use a team of 75 specialist officers to find criminal group members and their supporters.
Detective Inspector, George Rhoden, president of the National Organisation of Black Law Enforcement Executives said, “In the black community we have all noticed that there is major concern about gun and knife crime.Clearly we are not the only part of the community affected by the problem of children who have no fathers, but parental responsibility should be of major concern.”
Around 59 percent of black Caribbean children and 54 percent of mixed ? race youngsters are looked after by a parent.In the white British population, the number is 22 percent.
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