大学计算机基础：术语
计算机有哪些术语，我们经常用到的`术语有哪些。
Applet 小应用程序
A small Java application that is downloaded by an ActiveX or Java-enabled web browser. Once it has been downloaded, the applet will run on the user's computer. Common applets include financial calculators and web drawing programs.
Application应用程序（有别于Applet）
Computer software that performs a task or set of tasks, such as word processing or drawing. Applications are also referred to as programs.
ASCII 美国标准信息交换代码
American Standard Code for Information Interchange, an encoding system for converting keyboard characters and instructions into the binary number code that the computer understands.
Bandwidth带宽
The capacity of a networked connection. Bandwidth determines how much data can be sent along the networked wires. Bandwidth is particularly important for Internet connections, since greater bandwidth also means faster downloads.
Binary code二进制代码
The most basic language a computer understands, it is composed of a series of 0s and 1s. The computer interprets the code to form numbers, letters, punctuation marks, and symbols.
Bit位
The smallest piece of computer information, either the number 0 or 1. In short they are called binary digits.
Boot启动
To start up a computer. Cold boot means restarting computer after the power is turned off. Warm boot means restarting computer without turning off the power.
Browser浏览
Software used to navigate the Internet. Google Chrome, Firefox, Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer are today's most popular browsers for accessing the World Wide Web.
Bug软件程序漏洞或缺陷
A malfunction due to an error in the program or a defect in the equipment.
Byte字节
Most computers use combinations of eight bits, called bytes, to represent one character of data or instructions. For example, the wordcathas three characters, and it would be represented by three bytes.
Cache缓存
A small data-memory storage area that a computer can use to instantly re-access data instead of re-reading the data from the original source, such as a hard drive. Browsers use a cache to store web pages so that the user may view them again without reconnecting to the Web.
CAD-CAM计算机辅助设计，计算机辅助制造
Computer Aided Drawing-Computer Aided Manufacturing.The instructions stored in a computer that will be translated to very precise operating instructions to a robot, such as for assembling cars or laser-cutting signage.
CD-ROM只读光盘
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory,an optically read disc designed to hold information such as music, reference materials, or computer software. A single CD-ROM can hold around 640 megabytes of data, enough for several encyclopaedias. Most software programs are now delivered on CD-ROMs.
CGI公共网关接口
Common Gateway Interface,a programming standard that allows visitors to fill out form fields on a Web page and have that information interact with a database, possibly coming back to the user as another Web page. CGI may also refer to Computer-Generated Imaging, the process in which sophisticated computer programs create still and animated graphics, such as special effects for movies.
Chat聊天
Typing text into a message box on a screen to engage in dialogue with one or more people via the Internet or other network.
Chip芯片
A tiny wafer of silicon containing miniature electric circuits that can store millions of bits of information.
Client客户端
A single user of a network application that is operated from a server. A client/server architecture allows many people to use the same data simultaneously. The program's main component (the data) resides on a centralized server, with smaller components (user interface) on each client.
Cookie
A text file sent by a Web server that is stored on the hard drive of a computer and relays back to the Web server things about the user, his or her computer, and/or his or her computer activities.
CPU中央处理器
Central Processing Unit. The brain of the computer.
Cracker
A person who breaks in to a computer through a network, without authorization and with mischievous or destructive intent.
Crash
A hardware or software problem that causes information to be lost or the computer to malfunction. Sometimes a crash can cause permanent damage to a computer.
Cursor光标
A moving position-indicator displayed on a computer monitor that shows a computer operator where the next action or operation will take place.
Cyberspace互联网，网络
Slang for internet ie. An international conglomeration of interconnected computer networks. Begun in the late 1960s, it was developed in the 1970s to allow government and university researchers to share information. The Internet is not controlled by any single group or organization. Its original focus was research and communications, but it continues to expand, offering a wide array of resources for business and home users.
Database数据库
A collection of similar information stored in a file, such as a database of addresses. This information may be created and stored in a database management system (DBMS).
Debug
Slang. To find and correct equipment defects or program malfunctions.
Default默认
The pre-defined configuration of a system or an application. In most programs, the defaults can be changed to reflect personal preferences.
Desktop桌面
The main directory of the user interface. Desktops usually contain icons that represent links to the hard drive, a network (if there is one), and a trash or recycling can for files to be d. It can also display icons of frequently used applications, as requested by the user.
Desktop publishing桌面出版
The production of publication-quality documents using a personal computer in combination with text, graphics, and page layout programs.
Directory目录
A repository where all files are kept on computer.
Disk硬盘
Two distinct types. The names refer to the media inside the container:
A hard disc stores vast amounts of data. It is usually inside the computer but can be a separate peripheral on the outside. Hard discs are made up of several rigid coated metal discs. Currently, hard discs can store 15 to 30 Gb (gigabytes).
A floppy disc, 3.5" square, usually ed into the computer and can store about 1.4 megabytes of data. The 3.5" square floppies have a very thin, flexible disc inside. There is also an intermediate-sized floppy disc, trademarked Zip discs, which can store 250 megabytes of data.
Disk drive硬盘驱动
The equipment that operates a hard or floppy disc.
Domain域
Represents an IP (Internet Protocol) address or set of IP addresses that comprise a domain. The domain name appears in URLs to identify web pages or in email addresses. For example, the email address for the First Lady is first.lady@whitehouse.gov, whitehouse.gov, being the domain name. Each domain name ends with a suffix that indicates what top level domain it belongs to. These are : .com for commercial, .gov for government, .org for organization, .edu for educational institution, .biz for business, .info for information, .tv for television, .ws for website. Domain suffixes may also indicate the country in which the domain is registered. No two parties can ever hold the same domain name.
Domain name域名
The name of a network or computer linked to the Internet. Domains are defined by a common IP address or set of similar IP (Internet Protocol) addresses.
Download下载
The process of transferring information from a web site (or other remote location on a network) to the computer. It is possible to download a file which include text, image, audio, video and many others.
DOS磁盘操作系统
Disk Operating System. An operating system designed for early IBM-compatible PCs.
Drop-down menu下拉菜单
A menu window that opens vertically on-screen to display context-related options. Also called pop-up menu or pull-down menu.
DSL数字用户线路
Digital Subscriber Line,a method of connecting to the Internet via a phone line. A DSL connection uses copper telephone lines but is able to relay data at much higher speeds than modems and does not interfere with telephone use.
DVD数字多功能光盘
Digital Video Disc. Similar to a CD-ROM, it stores and plays both audio and video.
E-book电子书
An electronic (usually hand-held) reading device that allows a person to view digitally stored reading materials.
Email电子邮件
Electronic mail; messages, including memos or letters, sent electronically between networked computers that may be across the office or around the world.
Emoticon情感符
A text-based expression of emotion created from ASCII characters that mimics a facial expression when viewed with your head tilted to the left. Here are some examples:
Smiling
Frowning
Winking
Crying
Encryption加密
The process of transmitting scrambled data so that only authorized recipients can unscramble it. For instance, encryption is used to scramble credit card information when purchases are made over the Internet.
Ethernet以太网
A type of network.
Ethernet card以太网卡
A board inside a computer to which a network cable can be attached.
File文件
A set of data that is stored in the computer.
Firewall防火墙
A set of security programs that protect a computer from outside interference or access via the Internet.
Folder文件夹/目录
A structure for containing electronic files. In some operating systems, it is called a directory.
Fonts字体
Sets of typefaces (or characters) that come in different styles and sizes.
Freeware免费软件
Software created by people who are willing to give it away for the satisfaction of sharing or knowing they helped to simplify other people's lives. It may be free-standing software, or it may add functionality to existing software.
FTP文件传输协议
File Transfer Protocol,a format and set of rules for transferring files from a host to a remote computer.
Gigabyte (GB)
1024 megabytes. Also called gig.
Glitch电脑或硬件设备出小毛病
The cause of an unexpected malfunction.
Gopher
Internet上一个非常有名的信息查找系统
An Internet search tool that allows users to access textual information through a series of menus, or if using FTP, through downloads.
GUI图形用户接口
Graphical User Interface,a system that simplifies selecting computer commands by enabling the user to point to symbols or illustrations (called icons) on the computer screen with a mouse.
Groupware群件
Software that allows networked individuals to form groups and collaborate on documents, programs, or databases.
Hacker黑客
A person with technical expertise who experiments with computer systems to determine how to develop additional features. Hackers are occasionally requested by system administrators to try and break into systems via a network to test security. The term hacker is sometimes incorrectly used interchangeably with cracker. A hacker is called a white hat and a cracker a black hat.
Hard copy硬拷贝
A paper printout of what you have prepared on the computer.
Hard drive硬盘
Another name for the hard disc that stores information in a computer.
Hardware硬件
The physical and mechanical components of a computer system, such as the electronic circuitry, chips, monitor, disks, disk drives, keyboard, modem, and printer.
Home page主页
The main page of a Web site used to greet visitors, provide information about the site, or to direct the viewer to other pages on the site.
HTML超文本标记语言
Hypertext Markup Language,a standard of text markup conventions used for documents on the World Wide Web. Browsers interpret the codes to give the text structure and formatting (such as bold, blue, or italic).
HTTP超文本传输协议
Hypertext Transfer Protocol,a common system used to request and send HTML documents on the World Wide Web. It is the first portion of all URL addresses on the World Wide Web.
HTTPS(HTTP的安全版)
即HTTP下加入SSL层，HTTPS的安全基础是SSL
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure,often used in intracompany internet sites. Passwords are required to gain access.
Hyperlink超链接
Text or an image that is connected by hypertext coding to a different location. By selecting the text or image with a mouse, the computer jumps to (or displays) the linked text.
Hypermedia多媒体
Integrates audio, graphics, and/or video through links embedded in the main program.
Hypertext超文本
A system for organizing text through links, as opposed to a menu-driven hierarchy such as Gopher. Most Web pages include hypertext links to other pages at that site, or to other sites on the World Wide Web.
Icons图标
Symbols or illustrations appearing on the computer screen that indicate program files or other computer functions.
Input输入
Data that goes into a computer device.
Input device输入设备
A device, such as a keyboard, stylus and tablet, mouse, puck, or microphone, that allows input of information (letters, numbers, sound, video) to a computer.
Instant messaging (IM)即时信息
A chat application that allows two or more people to communicate over the Internet via real-time keyed-in messages.
Interface接口
The interconnections that allow a device, a program, or a person to interact. Hardware interfaces are the cables that connect the device to its power source and to other devices. Software interfaces allow the program to communicate with other programs (such as the operating system), and user interfaces allow the user to communicate with the program (e.g., via mouse, menu commands, icons, voice commands, etc.).
Internet互联网
An international conglomeration of interconnected computer networks. Begun in the late 1960s, it was developed in the 1970s to allow government and university researchers to share information. The Internet is not controlled by any single group or organization. Its original focus was research and communications, but it continues to expand, offering a wide array of resources for business and home users.
IP (Internet Protocol) addressIP地址
An Internet Protocol address is a unique set of numbers used to locate another computer on a network. The format of an IP address is a 32-bit string of four numbers separated by periods. Each number can be from 0 to 255 (i.e., 1.154.10.266). Within a closed network IP addresses may be assigned at random, however, IP addresses of web servers must be registered to avoid duplicates.
Java
An object-oriented programming language designed specifically for programs (particularly multimedia) to be used over the Internet. Java allows programmers to create small programs or applications (applets) to enhance Web sites.
JavaScript/ECMA script
A programming language used almost exclusively to manipulate content on a web page. Common JavaScript functions include validating forms on a web page, creating dynamic page navigation menus, and image rollovers.
Kilobyte (K or KB)千字节
Equal to 1,024 bytes.
Linux一种操作系统
A UNIX - like, open-source operating system developed primarily by Linus Torvalds. Linux is free and runs on many platforms, including both PCs and Macintoshes. Linux is an open-source operating system, meaning that the source code of the operating system is freely available to the public. Programmers may redistribute and modify the code, as long as they don't collect royalties on their work or deny access to their code. Since development is not restricted to a single corporation more programmers can debug and improve the source code faster.
Laptop and notebook笔记本
Small, lightweight, portable battery-powered computers that can fit onto your lap. They each have a thin, flat, liquid crystal display screen.
Macro宏
A script that operates a series of commands to perform a function. It is set up to automate repetitive tasks.
Mac OS苹果电脑的操作系统
An operating system with a graphical user interface, developed by Apple for Macintosh computers. Current System X.1.(10) combines the traditional Mac interface with a strong underlying UNIX. Operating system for increased performance and stability.
Megabyte (MB)
Equal to 1,048,576 bytes, usually rounded off to one million bytes (also called a meg).
Memory内存
Temporary storage for information, including applications and documents. The information must be stored to a permanent device, such as a hard disc or CD-ROM before the power is turned off, or the information will be lost. Computer memory is measured in terms of the amount of information it can store, commonly in megabytes or gigabytes.
Menu菜单
A context-related list of options that users can choose from.
Menu bar菜单栏
The horizontal strip across the top of an application's window. Each word on the strip has a context sensitive drop-down menu containing features and actions that are available for the application in use.
Merge合并
To combine two or more files into a single file.
MHz兆赫兹
An abbreviation forMegahertz,orone million hertz.One MHz represents one million clock cycles per second and is the measure of a computer microprocessor's speed. For example, a microprocessor that runs at 300 MHz executes 300 million cycles per second. Each instruction a computer receives takes a fixed number of clock cycles to carry out, therefore the more cycles a computer can execute per second, the faster its programs run. Megahertz is also a unit of measure for bandwidth.
Microprocessor微处理器
A complete central processing unit (CPU) contained on a single silicon chip.
Minimize最小化
A term used in a GUI operating system that uses windows. It refers to reducing a window to an icon, or a label at the bottom of the screen, allowing another window to be viewed.
Modem调制解调器
A device that connects two computers together over a telephone or cable line by converting the computer's data into an audio signal. Modem is a contraction for the process it performs : modulate-demodulate.
Monitor显示器
A video display terminal.
Mouse鼠标
A small hand-held device, similar to a trackball, used to control the position of the cursor on the video display; movements of the mouse on a desktop correspond to movements of the cursor on the screen.
MP3一种流行的数字音乐格式
Compact audio and video file format. The small size of the files makes them easy to download and e-mail. Format used in portable playback devices.
Multimedia多媒体
Software programs that combine text and graphics with sound, video, and animation. A multimedia PC contains the hardware to support these capabilities.
MS-DOS微软磁盘操作系统
An early operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft Disc Operating System).
Network网络
A system of interconnected computers.
Open source开源
Computer programs whose original source code was revealed to the general public so that it could be developed openly. Software licensed as open source can be freely changed or adapted to new uses, meaning that the source code of the operating system is freely available to the public. Programmers may redistribute and modify the code, as long as they don't collect royalties on their work or deny access to their code. Since development is not restricted to a single corporation more programmers can debug and improve the source code faster.
Operating system操作系统
A set of instructions that tell a computer on how to operate when it is turned on. It sets up a filing system to store files and tells the computer how to display information on a video display. Most PC operating systems are DOS (disc operated system) systems, meaning the instructions are stored on a disc (as opposed to being originally stored in the microprocessors of the computer). Other well-known operating systems include UNIX, Linux, Macintosh, and Windows.
Output输出
Data that come out of a computer device. For example, information displayed on the monitor, sound from the speakers, and information printed to paper.
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